Tu jeszcze pomoc zza oceanu (informacje dotyczą szczegolnie pakerow ''starszej'' daty - biospec i ja
):
Glutamine for the aged
I am a firm believer in the use of Glutamine, especially as a 40 year old bb. For your learning pleasure!
Glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme for glutamine synthesis in muscle is upregulated by glucocorticoids (Meynial-Denis et al., 1996). Glutamine supplementation inhibits glucocorticoid-induced GS activity (Hickson et al., 1996). The major transporter for glutamine in skeletal muscle is the Na+-dependent, insulin-sensitive System Nm. When intracellular glutamine concentrations decrease, the activity of this transporter is increased; conversely, System Nm activity is down-regulated as glutamine concentrations are re-established (Tadros et al., 1993). (Cortisol control)
Glutamine stimulates gluconeogenesis as well as glycogen formation (Bowtell et al., 1999). It is a major source of glucose used for skeletal muscle glycogen and hepatic (liver) glycogen synthesis, such as during recovery from exercise (Bowtell et al., 1999).
Glutamine has been found to promote anabolism in skeletal muscle of both animals and healthy humans. These effects include enhancement of the syntheses of both glycogen (Varnier et al., 1995; Low et al., 1996a; 1996b; Bowtell et al., 1999) and protein (MacLennan et al., 1988; Barua et al., 1992).
Glutamine transport into muscle occurs largely via an insulin-sensitive transporter; hence, improving insulin sensitivity may act synergistically with glutamine supplementation to achieve muscle anabolism.
Whole-body glutamine appearance in plasma may amount to up to 60-100 g per day for a 70-kg man (Nurjhan et al., 1995); in order to affect a change in muscle protein anabolism, large (multi-gram) quantities of glutamine may be required.
Anabolic effects on muscle glycogen may relate to glutamines observed cell-volumizing properties (Low et al, 1996b). Cell volumization is thought to play an important role in the control of anabolic processes.