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Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008 Nov;28(6):503-23.Click here to read Links
Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F.
Ophthalmic Research Group, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
[email protected]
The role of nutritional supplementation is of increasing interest with regard to ocular disease. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of supplementation for age-related macular degeneration, and formulations are now being developed for use by people with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this review was to synthesise the evidence for use of nutritional supplementation in type 2 diabetes. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched using a systematic approach. Only double-masked randomised controlled trials were selected. A total of 50 trials were identified as suitable for inclusion. The potential role of alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, folic acid, isoflavones, magnesium, Pycnogenol, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is discussed. The review of trials identifies positive effects of these nutrients on various outcome measures relating to insulin resistance and cardiovascular factors. Chromium was the most studied supplement, accounting for 16 of the 50 trials. A majority of the trials found a positive effect of chromium on fasting plasma glucose. Isoflavones were found to have a positive effect on insulin resistance and cardiovascular outcome measures, but only when combined with soy proteins. Vitamin E is reported to reduce oxidative stress at levels of 200 mg day(-1) or more.
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Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Jan;9(1):32-6.Links
Taurine supplementation and diabetes mellitus.
Franconi F, Loizzo A, Ghirlanda G, Seghieri G.
Centre for Biotechnology Development, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
[email protected]
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Taurine is a semi-essential sulphur amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. It has been evaluated either in experimental or clinical type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. One form of experiment has included the possibility that perinatal taurine administration could prevent diabetes mellitus and/or insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS: Experimental data suggest strongly that taurine could have beneficial effects in type 1 diabetes mellitus, and could generally reduce organ lipid peroxidation and plasma lipids. Interestingly, retina, lens and nerves seem to respond better to taurine than other organs such as kidneys. It has been shown in some experimental models that in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance there is alteration in taurine homeostasis. Taurine could prevent the onset of diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and postnatal taurine modifies the glucose-loading curves in adults. However, the clinical studies are too small and too short to have any real significance. SUMMARY: Further experimental and clinical studies are required to evaluate taurine's possible therapeutic potential. Careful attention has to be paid in the selection of animal species, in standardization of taurine concentrations and patient selection. Moreover, care must also be given to the metabolic state, presence of complications, duration of supplementations and selection of the right end-points.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001 Sep-Oct;17(5):330-46.Click here to read Links
The role of taurine in diabetes and the development of diabetic complications.
Hansen SH.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
[email protected]
The ubiquitously found beta-amino acid taurine has several physiological functions, e.g. in bile acid formation, as an osmolyte by cell volume regulation, in the heart, in the retina, in the formation of N-chlorotaurine by reaction with hypochlorous acid in leucocytes, and possibly for intracellular scavenging of carbonyl groups. Some animals, such as the cat and the C57BL/6 mouse, have disturbances in taurine homeostasis. The C57BL/6 mouse strain is widely used in diabetic and atherosclerotic animal models. In diabetes, the high extracellular levels of glucose disturb the cellular osmoregulation and sorbitol is formed intracellularly due to the intracellular polyol pathway, which is suspected to be one of the key processes in the development of diabetic late complications and associated cellular dysfunctions. Intracellular accumulation of sorbitol is most likely to cause depletion of other intracellular compounds including osmolytes such as myo-inositol and taurine. When considering the clinical complications in diabetes, several links can be established between altered taurine metabolism and the development of cellular dysfunctions in diabetes which cause the clinical complications observed in diabetes, e.g. retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiomyopathy, platelet aggregation, endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Possible therapeutic perspectives could be a supplementation with taurine and other osmolytes and low-molecular compounds, perhaps in a combinational therapy with aldose reductase inhibitors.
Eur J Nutr. 2007 Dec;46(8):431-8. Epub 2007 Oct 26.Click here to read Links
Protective effects of taurine on endothelial cells impaired by high glucose and oxidized low density lipoproteins.
Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H, Vetter H, Bhonde RR.
Medical Policlinic of the Friedrich-Wilhelm-University of Bonn, Wilhelmstrasse 35-37, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
[email protected]
BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction, common to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis and diabetic angiopathies. Deficiencies of taurine have been related to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. AIMS OF THE STUDY: We investigated whether taurine provides protective action against endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia and/or oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLDL). METHODS: Quiescent human umbilical cord venous endothelial cells were exposed for 20 h to high glucose (35 mM) and/or oxLDL (60 microg/ml) alone and in presence of taurine (0.5-2.5 mg/ml). Apoptosis, caspase-3 activity, soluble(s) and cell surface expressions of vascular cellular (VCAM-1) and intercellular (ICAM-1) adhesion molecules were determined. Results are given as a percentage of the low glucose medium control. Apoptosis, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expressions were related to cell number. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia increased apoptosis to 162.5 +/- 19.2%, caspase-3 activity to 153.2 +/- 10.3%, cell-surface expression of VCAM-1 to 125.1 +/- 5.8%, the expression of ICAM-1 to 123.7 +/- 2.8% and sICAM-1 to 146.5 +/- 7.9%. Taurine (0.5-2.5 mg/ml) restored apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and expressions of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. OxLDL (60 microg/ml) increased apoptosis to 114.8 +/- 3.1%; taurine (2.5 mg/ml) reduced this apoptosis to 40.5 +/- 4.1%. The combination of hyperglycemia and oxLDL increased apoptosis to 211.7 +/- 11.6%. This increase was normalized by taurine (2.5 mg/ml) to 97.9 +/- 12.8%. CONCLUSION: Taurine protects HUVECs from endothelial dysfunction induced by hyperglycemia through down-regulation of apoptosis and adhesion molecules. Counteracting the combination of oxLDL and hyperglycemia requires pharmacological concentrations of taurine.
J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2007;21(3-4):63-77.Links
Taurine-diabetes interaction: from involvement to protection.
Kim SJ, Ramesh C, Gupta H, Lee W.
Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
[email protected]
Taurine is a sulfur amino acid (2-amino ethane sulfonic acid) and has been claimed for a number of beneficial actions ranging from anti-epilepsy to anti-hypertension. Taurine in diabetes has an age old story; taurine is involved in the development and protection of insulin apparatus. Taurine and insulin both have mutual stimulating actions with hypoglycemic properties. On the clinical front, taurine supplementation has an acceptable beneficial effect in platelet aggregation and, to name few more, in neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, and nephropathy to retinopathy. Recent studies have provided a role for taurine in fetal development and in blocking the transfer of diabetes from diabetic mother to offspring. A number of mechanisms for the actions of taurine have been advocated, from osmoregulation to anti-oxidation. Though sulfonylurea and recently introduced thiazolidinediones are effective, however they are not free from complications, thus there is a need to design new therapeutics. As taurine is also a sulfonyl derivative, it will be of great interest to develop taurine analogues as an alternative therapy. Considering the great involvement of taurine in diabetes, this review may provide a holistic view of taurine in diabetes and in its prevention in this century.
Nutr Rev. 2008 Nov;66(11):646-57.Click here to read Links
Alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes.
Singh U, Jialal I.
Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder that is usually accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species or by impaired antioxidant defenses. Importantly, oxidative stress is particularly relevant to the risk of cardiovascular disease. Alpha-lipoic acid (LA), a naturally occurring dithiol compound, has long been known as an essential cofactor for mitochondrial bioenergetic enzymes. LA is a very important micronutrient with diverse pharmacologic and antioxidant properties. Pharmacologically, LA improves glycemic control and polyneuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus; it also effectively mitigates toxicities associated with heavy metal poisoning. As an antioxidant, LA directly terminates free radicals, chelates transition metal ions, increases cytosolic glutathione and vitamin C levels, and prevents toxicities associated with their loss. These diverse actions suggest that LA acts by multiple mechanisms both physiologically and pharmacologically. Its biosynthesis decreases as people age and is reduced in people with compromised health, thus suggesting a possible therapeutic role for LA in such cases. Reviewed here is the known efficacy of LA with particular reference to types 1 and 2 diabetes. Particular attention is paid to the potential benefits of LA with respect to glycemic control, improved insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, and neuropathy in diabetic patients. It appears that the major benefit of LA supplementation is in patients with diabetic neuropathy.
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