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The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink on human performance and mood Journal Amino Acids
Publisher Springer Wien
ISSN 0939-4451 (Print) 1438-2199 (Online)
Subject Biomedical and Life Sciences and Chemistry and Materials Science
Issue Volume 21, Number 2 / September, 2001
DOI 10.1007/s007260170021
Pages 139-150
SpringerLink Date Thursday, February 19, 2004
Authors
C. Alford, H. Cox, R. Wescott
Abstract
Summary. The effects of Red Bull Energy Drink, which includes taurine,
glucuronolactone, and caffeine amongst the ingredients, were examined over 3 studies in a total of 36 volunteers. Assessments included psychomotor performance (reaction time, concentration, memory), subjective alertness and physical endurance. When compared with control drinks, Red Bull Energy Drink significantly (P < 0.05) improved aerobic endurance (maintaining 65-75% max. heart rate) and anaerobic performance (maintaining max. speed) on cycle ergometers. Significant improvements in mental performance included choice reaction time, concentration (number cancellation) and memory (immediate recall), which reflected increased subjective alertness. These consistent and wide ranging improvements in performance are interpreted as reflecting the effects of the combination of ingredients.
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Dietary Supplements and Sports Performance: Amino Acids
Melvin Williams
Exercise Science, Sport, Physical Education, and Recreation, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
Received October 9, 2005/Accepted November 4, 2005
Taurine. Taurine is a non-essential sulfur-containing amino acid, but it lacks a genetic codon to be incorporated into proteins or enzymes. Nevertheless, it plays a role in several metabolic processes, such as heart contraction and antioxidant activity. Taurine is an ingredient in several so-called energy drinks, such as Red Bull.
Baum and Weiss reported that Red Bull, which contains taurine and caffeine, as compared to a similar drink without taurine, favorably influence cardiac parameters, mainly an increased stroke volume, during recovery after exercise; however, physical performance was not tested. However,
Zhang and others reported that 7 days of taurine supplementation induced significant increases in V02max and cycle ergometer exercise time to exhaustion; the ergogenic effects were attributed to taurine's antioxidant activity and protection of cellular properties.
Role of taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men.
Zhang M, Izumi I, Kagamimori S, Sokejima S, Yamagami T, Liu Z, Qi B.
Department of Welfare Promotion and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan.
To evaluate the protective effects of taurine supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress and exercise performance, eleven men aged 18-20 years were selected to participate in two identical bicycle ergometer exercises until exhaustion. Single cell gel assay (SCG assay) was used to study DNA damage in white blood cells (WBC). Pre-supplementation of taurine, a significant negative correlation was found between plasma taurine concentration before exercise and plasma thiobaribituric-acid reactive substance (TBARS) 6 hr after exercise (r = - 0.642, p<0.05). WBC showed a significant increase in DNA strand breakage 6 hr and 24 hr after exercise. Seven-day taurine supplementation reduced serum TBARS before exercise ( p<0.05) and resulted in a significantly reduced DNA migration 24 hr after exercise ( p< 0.01). Significant increases were also found in VO(2)max, exercise time to exhaustion and maximal workload in test with taurine supplementation ( p<0.05). After supplementation, the change in taurine concentration showed positive correlations with the changes in exercise time to exhaustion and maximal workload. The results suggest that taurine may attenuate exercise-induced DNA damage and enhance the capacity of exercise due to its cellular protective properties.