Badania naukowe paleo, niskoww, lowcarb

Wiem, że troche osób interesuje się tą dietą, często zbierają różne badania naukowe. Chciałbym aby były tu wrzucane wszelkie badania naukowe na temat diety paleo i zbliżonych. Ludzie niech sami czytają i wyciągają wnioski. Jeśli coś macie - wrzucajcie.

"Dieta Kwaśniewskiego jest niskowęglowodanowa i wysokotłuszczowa, a spożycie białka jest niskie.

Zalecane proporcje wyrażone w gramach: białko : tłuszcz : węglowodany wynoszą w początkowym okresie 1,0 : 2,5-3,5 : 0,8, później należy zaś zmniejszyć ilość spożywanego białka. Zalecane jest spożywanie tłustych produktów zwierzęcych, takich jak żółtka jaj, podroby, tłuste mięsa, sery, masło, śmietana. Uzupełnieniem tych produktów powinny być niskocukrowe warzywa takie jak pomidory, ogórki i kapustne. Spożycie bogatych w węglowodany owoców należy ograniczyć, dopuszczalne są w niewielkich ilościach owoce jagodowe, takie jak agrest, czarne porzeczki, jagody i żurawina.

Z biochemicznego punktu widzenia taka dieta rzeczywiście może spowodować spadek masy ciała, poprzez zablokowanie wytwarzania trójglicerydów w wątrobie przy spożyciu powyżej 10% tłuszczów w pokarmie. Przy znacznym ograniczaniu węglowodanów w posiłkach pod każdą postacią (czyli np. ziemniaki, pieczywo, produkty mączne) organizm jest zmuszony do spalania rezerw tłuszczu znajdujących się w tkankach.

Wg. medycyny konwencjonalnej, taki sposób odżywiania powinien spowodować znaczny wzrost ryzyka miażdżycy i hipercholesterolemii (poprzez podwyższenie poziomu tzw. "złego" cholesterolu i trójglicerydów w surowicy krwi), jednak przypuszczenia te nie znalazły uzasadnienia w wykonanym badaniu przez Zakład Farmakologii Doświadczalnej Instytutu Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej PAN[1].

Dieta jest polecana przez jej zwolenników jako dieta odchudzająca oraz jako remedium na szeroką gamę chorób. Nie ma żadnych badań opublikowanych w liczących się, recenzowanych czasopismach naukowych potwierdzających skuteczność tej metody odżywiania jako diety odchudzającej czy też leczniczej. Brak jest też opublikowanych wyników badań nad długookresowymi skutkami ubocznymi tej diety. Jednak mimo braku opublikowanych wyników takich badań Komitet Terapii Wydziału VI Nauk Medycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w skład którego wchodził m.in. Zbigniew Religa, przedstawił swoje stanowisko, oceniając dietę, której nie badał a mimo to uznał dietę optymalną za szkodliwą dla zdrowia[2]. Odpowiedź na stanowisko komitetu PAN została opublikowana w wydawnictwie własnym Jana Kwaśniewskiego. Jan Kwaśniewski twierdzi w tej odpowiedzi, że stanowisko Komitetu Terapii oparte jest o fałszywe przesłanki i nie jest poparte żadnymi badaniami statystycznymi efektów tej diety[3][4]. Z drugiej strony, "optymalni" w internecie często ogłaszają niemalże cudowne przypadki wyleczeń, które dotyczą prawie wszystkich chorób. Liczba takich przypadków idzie według nich w miliony, jednak w rzeczywistości ani jedno z tych rzekomych wyleczeń nie jest udokumentowane w fachowej literaturze medycznej.

Popularyzacją tego modelu żywienia zajmują się osoby, które twierdzą, że dzięki niemu pozbyły się wielu ciężkich, przewlekłych dolegliwości, na które klasyczna medycyna nie ma lekarstwa.

W Jaworznie od 1998 r. działa Ogólnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Bractw Optymalnych im. ks. prof. Włodzimierza Sedlaka, mające w statucie m.in. popularyzację tej diety. Dla licznej rzeszy jedzących tłusto na rynku czasopism istnieją dwa miesięczniki, pierwszy "Optymalni" wydawany przez wspomniane wyżej stowarzyszenie i drugi "Optymalnik" wydawany przez niezależną od stowarzyszenia w Jaworznie grupę zwolenników diet niskowęglowodanowych.

W Stanach Zjednoczonych znana jest mylona często z dietą Kwaśniewskiego dieta Atkinsa, zwana także dietą niskowęglowodanową (niesłusznie uważana za wysokotłuszczową). Obie diety (Atkinsa jak i Kwaśniewskiego) promują podobną metodykę odchudzania, bogatą w tłuszcze a ubogą w węglowodany, jednak różnią się znacznie ilością zalecanego w diecie białka, która to ilość implikuje dalsze reakcje metaboliczne organizmu, dlatego też nie można obu diet utożsamiać. Zdaniem J. Kwaśniewskiego, nadmiar zjadanego białka jest dla organizmu niekorzystny."

myślę że to podchodzi pod low carb

No tak, dzieki za checi tylko, że tu nie ma badan naukowych tylko własnie opinie bezpodstawne. A tego nie lubie (nie atakuje Ciebie tylko właśnie medycyne która ma w dupie każdą możliwość leczenia dietą - niestety )

Nie wiem, czy jeszcze aktualne, ale moze sie przyda



EDITORIALS: S. Boyd Eaton, Melvin J Konner, and Loren Cordain; Diet-dependent acid load, Paleolithic nutrition, and evolutionary
health promotion; Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, Feb 2010; 91: 295 - 297.



O'Keefe JH Jr, Cordain L.; Cardiovascular disease resulting from a diet and lifestyle at odds with our Paleolithic genome: how to become a 21st-century hunter-gatherer.; Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Jan;79(1):101-8.
Our genetic make-up, shaped through millions of years of evolution, determines our nutritional and activity needs. Although the human genome has remained primarily unchanged since the agricultural revolution 10,000 years ago, our diet and lifestyle have become progressively more divergent from those of our ancient ancestors. Accumulating evidence suggests that this mismatch between our modern diet and lifestyle and our Paleolithic genome is playing a substantial role in the ongoing epidemics of obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Until 500 generations ago, all humans consumed only wild and unprocessed food foraged and hunted from their environment. These circumstances provided a diet high in lean protein, polyunsaturated fats (especially omega-3 [omega-3] fatty acids), monounsaturated fats, fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other beneficial phytochemicals. Historical and anthropological studies show hunter-gatherers generally to be healthy, fit, and largely free of the degenerative cardiovascular diseases common in modern societies. This review outlines the essence of our hunter-gatherer genetic legacy and suggests practical steps to re-align our modern milieu with our ancient genome in an effort to improve cardiovascular health.


Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K.; The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic.; Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S42-52
OBJECTIVE: Field studies of twentieth century hunter-gathers (HG) showed them to be generally free of the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Consequently, the characterization of HG diets may have important implications in designing therapeutic diets that reduce the risk for CVD in Westernized societies. Based upon limited ethnographic data (n=58 HG societies) and a single quantitative dietary study, it has been commonly inferred that gathered plant foods provided the dominant energy source in HG diets. METHOD AND RESULTS: In this review we have analyzed the 13 known quantitative dietary studies of HG and demonstrate that animal food actually provided the dominant (65%) energy source, while gathered plant foods comprised the remainder (35%). This data is consistent with a more recent, comprehensive review of the entire ethnographic data (n=229 HG societies) that showed the mean subsistence dependence upon gathered plant foods was 32%, whereas it was 68% for animal foods. Other evidence, including isotopic analyses of Paleolithic hominid collagen tissue, reductions in hominid gut size, low activity levels of certain enzymes, and optimal foraging data all point toward a long history of meat-based diets in our species. Because increasing meat consumption in Western diets is frequently associated with increased risk for CVD mortality, it is seemingly paradoxical that HG societies, who consume the majority of their energy from animal food, have been shown to be relatively free of the signs and symptoms of CVD. CONCLUSION: The high reliance upon animal-based foods would not have necessarily elicited unfavorable blood lipid profiles because of the hypolipidemic effects of high dietary protein (19-35% energy) and the relatively low level of dietary carbohydrate (22-40% energy). Although fat intake (28-58% energy) would have been similar to or higher than that found in Western diets, it is likely that important qualitative differences in fat intake, including relatively high levels of MUFA and PUFA and a lower omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, would have served to inhibit the development of CVD. Other dietary characteristics including high intakes of antioxidants, fiber, vitamins and phytochemicals along with a low salt intake may have operated synergistically with lifestyle characteristics (more exercise, less stress and no smoking) to further deter the development of CVD.


ABSTRACT: S. Boyd Eaton, Loren Cordainb, Stanley B. Eatonc; An Evolutionary Foundation for
Health Promotion; World Rev Nutr Diet. 2001;90:5-12


ABSTRACT: Cordain L.; Cereal grains: humanity's double-edged sword.; World Rev Nutr Diet. 1999;84:19-73.


LETTERS: Cordain L, Miller J, Mann N.; Scant evidence of periodic starvation among hunter-gatherers.; Diabetologia. 1999 Mar;42(3):383-4

Verginelli F, Aru F, Battista P, Mariani-Costantini R.;Nutrigenetics in the light of human evolution.; J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2009;2(2):91-102. Epub 2009 Jul 10.
Bio-cultural adaptations to new foods played a key role in human evolution. The fossil record and sequence differences between human and chimpanzee genes point to a major dietary shift at the stem of human evolution. The earliest representatives of the human lineage diverged from the ancestors of chimpanzees because of their better adaptation to hard and abrasive foods. Bipedalism and modifications of the hand, which allowed tool manufacture and use, impacted on dietary flexibility, facilitating access to foods of animal origin. This promoted major anatomic, physiologic and metabolic adaptations. Encephalization, which requires high-quality diet, characterizes the evolutionary sequence that, through the Homo ergaster/erectus stages, led to our species, Homo sapiens, which originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, climatic changes and human impact determined a major food crisis, which triggered the agricultural revolution. This affected nutrition and health, with rapid evolutionary adaptations through the selection of genetic variants that allowed better utilization of new foods, different in relation to geography and culture. Today population growth, globalization and economic pressure powerfully affect diets worldwide. We must take into account our evolutionary past to meet the present nutritional challenges


Formicola V, Giannecchini M.; Evolutionary trends of stature in upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe.; J Hum Evol. 1999 Mar;36(3):319-33
Long bone lengths of all available European Upper Paleolithic (41 males, 25 females) and Mesolithic (171 males, 118 females) remains have been transformed into stature estimates by means of new regression equations derived from Early Holocene skeletal samples using "Fully's anatomical stature" and the major axis regression technique (Formicola & Franceschi, 1996). Statistical analysis of the data, with reference both to time and space parameters, indicates that: (1) Early Upper Paleolithic samples (pre-Glacial Maximum) are very tall; (2) Late Upper Paleolithic groups (post-Glacial Maximum) from Western Europe, compared to their ancestors, show a marked decrease in height; (3) a further, although not significant, reduction of stature affects Western Mesolithics; (4) no regional differences have been observed during both phases of the Upper Paleolithic; (5) a high level of homogeneity has also been found in the Mesolithic, both in Western and Eastern Europe; (6) the internal homogeneity found during the Mesolithic in Western and Eastern Europe is associated with marked inter-regional variability, with populations of the latter region showing systematically significantly greater stature than their Western contemporaries. Evaluation of possible causes for the great stature of the Early Upper Paleolithic samples points to high nutritional standards as the most important factor. Results obtained on later groups clearly indicate that the Last Glacial Maximum, rather than the Mesolithic transition, is the critical phase in the negative trend affecting Western European populations. While changes in the quality of the diet, and in particular decreased protein intake, provide a likely explanation for that trend, variations in levels of gene flow probably also played a role. Reasons for the West-East Mesolithic dichotomy remain unclear and lack of information for the Late Upper Paleolithic of Eastern Europe prevents insight into the remote origins of this phenomenon. Analysis of regional differentiation of stature, particularly well supported by data from Mesolithic sites, points to the absence of today's latitudinal gradients and suggests a relative homogeneity in dietary, cultural and biodemographic patterns for the last hunter-gatherer populations of Western Europe


Broadhurst CL, Cunnane SC, Crawford MA.; Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo.; Br J Nutr. 1998 Jan;79(1):3-21.
An abundant, balanced dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is an absolute requirement for sustaining the very rapid expansion of the hominid cerebral cortex during the last one to two million years. The brain contains 600 g lipid/kg, with a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profile containing approximately equal proportions of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency at any stage of fetal and/or infant development can result in irreversible failure to accomplish specific components of brain growth. For the past fifteen million years, the East African Rift Valley has been a unique geological environment which contains many enormous freshwater lakes. Paleoanthropological evidence clearly indicates that hominids evolved in East Africa, and that early Homo inhabited the Rift Valley lake shores. Although earlier hominid species migrated to Eurasia, modern Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa between 100 and 200 thousand years ago, and subsequently migrated throughout the world. A shift in the hominid resource base towards more high-quality foods occurred approximately two million years ago; this was accompanied by an increase in relative brain size and a shift towards modern patterns of fetal and infant development. There is evidence for both meat and fish scavenging, although sophisticated tool industries and organized hunting had not yet developed. The earliest occurrences of modern H. sapiens and sophisticated tool technology are associated with aquatic resource bases. Tropical freshwater fish and shellfish have long-chain polyunsaturated lipid ratios more similar to that of the human brain than any other food source known. Consistent consumption of lacustrine foods could have provided a means of initiating and sustaining cerebral cortex growth without an attendant increase in body mass. A modest intake of fish and shellfish (6-12% total dietary energy intake) can provide more arachidonic acid and especially more docosahexaenoic acid than most diets contain today. Hence, 'brain-specific' nutrition had and still has significant potential to affect hominid brain evolution.


Holt BM, Formicola V.; Hunters of the Ice Age: The biology of Upper Paleolithic people.; Am J Phys Anthropol. 2008;Suppl 47:70-99
The Upper Paleolithic represents both the phase during which anatomically modern humans appeared and the climax of hunter-gatherer cultures. Demographic expansion into new areas that took place during this period and the diffusion of burial practices resulted in an unprecedented number of well-preserved human remains. This skeletal record, dovetailed with archeological, environmental, and chronological contexts, allows testing of hypotheses regarding biological processes at the population level. In this article, we review key studies about the biology of Upper Paleolithic populations based primarily on European samples, but integrating information from other areas of the Old World whenever possible. Data about cranial morphology, skeletal robusticity, stature, body proportions, health status, diet, physical activity, and genetics are evaluated in Late Pleistocene climatic and cultural contexts. Various lines of evidence delineate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) as a critical phase in the biological and cultural evolution of Upper Paleolithic populations. The LGM, a long phase of climatic deterioration culminating around 20,000 BP, had a profound impact on the environment, lifestyle, and behavior of human groups. Some of these effects are recorded in aspects of skeletal biology of these populations. Groups living before and after the LGM, Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) and Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP), respectively, differ significantly in craniofacial dimensions, stature, robusticity, and body proportions. While paleopathological and stable isotope data suggest good health status throughout the Upper Paleolithic, some stress indicators point to a slight decline in quality of life in LUP populations. The intriguing and unexpected incidence of individuals affected by congenital disorders probably indicates selective burial practices for these abnormal individuals. While some of the changes observed can be explained through models of biocultural or environmental adaptation (e.g., decreased lower limb robusticity following decreased mobility; changes in body proportions along with climatic change), others are more difficult to explain. For instance, craniodental and upper limb robusticity show complex evolutionary patterns that do not always correspond to expectations. In addition, the marked decline in stature and the mosaic nature of change in body proportions still await clarifications. These issues, as well as systematic analysis of specific pathologies and possible relationships between genetic lineages, population movements and cultural complexes, should be among the goals of future research.


Zmieniony przez - Martucca w dniu 2010-03-15 11:43:24

Wszystkie chyba ważniejsze badania naukowe są zebrane tutaj:

http://www.atkinsexposed.org/

Wszystkie chyba, co do jednego sugerują, że diety tego typu to rodzaj powolnego, wyrafinowanego samobójstwa.

Oczywiście można sobie gdybać ile żyli kolesie w paleolicie i czy byli zdrowi, ale gdybanie z nauką nie ma wiele wspólnego. Podobnie jeden znany swego czasu polski polityk wygdybał, że smok wawelski to tak naprawdę dinozaur - co było wg niego dowodem na to, że Ziemia ma 6000 lat.

co do leczenia dietą, badań jest mnóstwo, np dietą można leczyć miażdżycę czy przynajmniej początkowe stadia nowotworów. Ale nie takim absurdem dietetycznym jak "paleo", tylko zdrową dietą w której 80% kalorii idzie z węgli. Zainteresowani mogą pogooglać badania dra Ornisha.

ps. sorki jak jakiegoś starocia odkopałem, w google mi wyskoczyło jak czegoś szukałem o dietetyce :D

Zmieniony przez - tommo666 w dniu 2010-04-05 05:14:43